Steps in Scientific Method

1. Observation – it is a way of gathering data through the use of five senses: sight, smell, touch, hear and taste. Qualitative observations describe what you see while quantitative observations measure what you see. The problem or question is based on observation.

2. Hypothesis – it is the tentative explanation for the observation. Possible solution to the question or problem is formed with the assumption that the answer could be incorrect.

3. Prediction – it is a specific statement deduced from the general statement in the hypothesis. Using hypothesis as a guide, a prediction can be made.

4. Experimentation – it is a way of testing the accuracy of the prediction. Controlled experiment involves testing a variable (experimental) against a control.

5. Data analysis – data from the experiment are collected, recorded, and analyzed.

6. Conclusion – it is the summary of the experiment’s results, and how the results match with the hypothesis. A valid conclusion must be based on: the facts observed in the experiments. The two options for the conclusions are reject the hypothesis, or accept the hypothesis.

Parts of Eukaryotic Cell

1. Nucleus – this is the most noticeable feature that differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes. It is a membrane-bound central cell organelle which contains the genetic material – DNA

2. Plasma membrane – it is the structure that serves as the boundary between the cytoplasm of the cell and the external environment. It is phospholipid bilayer, a double membrane composed of a unique type of lipid that spontaneously organizes into two layers. The plasma membrane regulates the materials that enter or leave the cell and provides mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication.

3. Cytoplasm – it is the jellylike materials that consist of the organelles outside the nucleus and fluid portion called cytosol. The flowing movement of cytosol, known as cytoplasmic streaming, allows organelles to interact with one another.

4. Cytoskeleton – this is a network of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments which is the cellular “scaffolding” or “skeleton” within the cell. This scaffolding has various functions: maintains the cell’s shape, protects the cell, enables some cell motion (using flagella and cilia), plays important role in intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles) and it is involved in cellular division.

5. Cilia and Flagella – these are external appendages of the plasma membrane that aid in locomotion of the cell, adhesion and movement of materials on the outside of the cell. Cilia are tiny hair like structures while flagella are whip-like tail. Cilia are shorten than flagella and there are more cilia per cell compared to flagella.

6. Ribosomes – these are the tiny cellular structures involved in making proteins under the instruction of DNA. Ribosomes are found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating free in the cytoplasm.

7. Mitochondria – they are small spherical to rod-shaped cytoplasmic organelles, enclosed by two membranes. They are considered the powerhouse of the cell because it is the site of the final and most energy-productive steps of metabolism which generates cellular energy (ATP).

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – a network of tubules and flattened sacs which is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, rough ER and smooth ER. The granules that are attached to rough ER are the ribosomes that form granules on the surface to give it a “rough” appearance. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins. Smooth ER does not contain ribosome and it is involved with the synthesis of fatty acids and membrane components such as lipids.

9. Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus, Golgi complex) – stacked, flattened membranes which is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging the macromolecules for use within the cell or for secretion.

10. Centrioles – cylindrically-shaped cell structure found in animal cells which play a role in cell division.

11. Chloroplasts – these are round, oval, or disk-shaped structure within a green plant cell in which photosynthesis occurs. They absorb light energy and convert them to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.

12. Lysosomes – these are membrane-bound vesicles found in animal cell that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

13. Peroxisomes – small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes which are involved in the breakdown of fatty acid molecules.

Parts of Prokaryotic Cells

1. Capsule – an additional outer covering that protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms. It is also important in retaining moisture and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients.

2. Cell Wall – outer covering that protects the cell and gives it shape.

3. Cytoplasm – a gel-like substance composed mainly of water. It also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

4. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane – surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

5. Pili – thin, non-flagellar protein filament found on the surface of the cell which is important in the exchange of genetic material between cells. Fimbriae are thin, hair-like, projections which are made of protein sub-units. It promotes attachment or adhesion to surfaces.

6. Flagella – long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.

7. Ribosomes – sphere-shaped structure found in the cytoplasm which is responsible   for protein synthesis. They are composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

8. Plasmids – gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.

9. Nucleiod region – area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

Worksheet Sound with Rubric Scoring

Title of the Activity: Big time gig!

Objectives

In this activity, you should be able to:

1. create musical instruments using indigenous products and

2. use these instruments to compose tunes and present in a Gig. Students may also utilize other indigenous musical instruments.

Materials Needed

·         Indigenous materials such as sticks, bottles or glassware available in your locality to be used as musical instrument

·         Localized or improvised stringed instruments

·         Localized or improvised drum set

Procedure

1. Form a group of four (4). One can play a stringed instrument, while the other can play the drum and the 3^rd member can use the other instrument that your group will design or create. The last member will be your group’s solo performer.

2. Look for local materials which you can use to create different musical instruments.

3. Try to come up with your own composition using the instruments you have created.

4. In the class GIG you are to play and sing at least 2 songs (any song of your choice and your original composition).

5. Check the Rubric included to become familiar with the criteria for which you will be rated.

Big Time Gig!

Rubric Scoring

Task/Criteria	4	3	2	1	Score
Improvised/ Localized Musical instruments	*Makes use of local or indige- nous materials. *The improvised instruments produce good quality sound comparable to standard musical instruments.	*Makes use of local materials only. *The improvised instruments produce good quality sound.	*Makes use of local materials only. *The improvised instruments produce fair quality sound.	*Makes use of local materials only. *The sound produced by the improvised instruments is not clear and distinct.
Composition	The group’s original composition has good melody. The lyrics provided are thematic and meaningful.	The group’s original composition has fair melody and the lyrics provided are thematic and meaningful.	The group’s original composition has fair melody and the lyrics provided are NOT thematic but meaningful.	The group’s original composition has fair melody and the lyrics provided are NEITHER thematic nor meaningful.
Performance	*The group was able to successfully use the improvised musical instruments in their GIG. *The group was able to provide good quality rendition or performance.	*The group was able to successfully use the improvised musical instruments in their GIG. *The group was able to provide fair rendition.	*The group was able to use the improvised musical instruments but some were out of tune. *The group was able to provide fair rendition.	*The group was able to use the improvised musical instruments but MOST were out of tune. * The group was able to provide fair rendition.
Cooperation and Team work	Each one of them completed their task so as to come up with the expected output – GIG.	3 out of 4 members completed their task so as to come up with the expected output - GIG	2 out of 4 completed their task so as to come up with the expected output - GIG	Only 1 out of the 4 members did his/her job.
				TOTAL:

Philippine Environmental Problems

                       Main Environmental Issues

1. Pollution

                  Environmental Problems

•  dirty air
• unsafe drinking water; dirty bodies of water;    eutrophication
• uncollected garbage; unsanitary disposal of solid waste;     dangerous pesticide residues in the soil or water supply

2. Degradation of Natural Resources

                 Environmental Problems

• destruction of forests; flooding
• depletion of wildlife
• soil erosion
• depletion of mineral resources
• insufficient supply of water
• energy shortage

3. Conflicting and Changing Land Use

                   Environmental Problems

• rapid disappearance of mangrove swamps due to conversion into fish ponds, salt beds, agricultural land, etc.; conversion of forests into agricultural land, agricultural land into residential land or commercial land; etc.